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Learning Goal: Explain why evolution takes place, citing evidence that it occurs and properties of organisms it explains. (2 questions)
1. Many infectious diseases are becoming difficult to treat because of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Populations of bacteria can become resistant when they are exposed to an antibiotic. What is the BEST general explanation for how this occurs?
   
   not answered
   a) The antibiotic induces specific mutations in some of the bacteria that make them antibiotic-resistant.
   b) The antibiotic activates bacterial genes encoding enzymes that can destroy the antibiotic.
   c) The antibiotic increases the bacterial mutation rate, so that resistant mutant bacteria are more likely to arise.
   d) Antibiotic-resistant mutant bacteria already present in the population survive and reproduce in the presence of the antibiotic.
   
   
   1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
      not answered
      a) Well
      b) Could be improved
      c) Not well
      
   2. Is the information given in this question scientifically accurate?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Not completely
      c) No
      
   3. Is this question written clearly and precisely?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Could be improved
      c) No
      
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2. Which of the following statements about occurrence of mutations in an evolving population of organisms over time is true?
   
   not answered
   a) A mutation that confers a favorable effect will occur more often than a mutation that is unfavorable.
   b) A mutation that confers a favorable effect will accumulate in the population more rapidly than a mutation that is unfavorable.
   c) The overall number of mutations accumulating in an evolving population will be higher than in a non evolving population.
   d) Unfavorable environmental conditions increase the probability that new mutations will be favorable.
   
   
   1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
      not answered
      a) Well
      b) Could be improved
      c) Not well
      
   2. Is the information given in this question scientifically accurate?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Not completely
      c) No
      
   3. Is this question written clearly and precisely?
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      b) Could be improved
      c) No
      
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   Learning goal: Contrast the features that distinguish viruses from cells and different kinds of cells (bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal) from each other. (2 questions)
3. Which of the following statements comparing bacteria and eukaryotes is true?
   
   not answered
   a) Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane; bacterial cells don't.
   b) Eukaryotic cells don't have cell walls; many bacterial cells do.
   c) The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is DNA; the genetic material of bacteria can be either RNA or DNA.
   d) Eukaryotic cells use a different code to specify the amino acids in proteins than bacterial cells.
   
   
   1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
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      a) Well
      b) Could be improved
      c) Not well
      
   2. Is the information given in this question scientifically accurate?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Not completely
      c) No
      
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      b) Could be improved
      c) No
      
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4. Which of the following statements about viruses is false?
   
   not answered
   a) Viruses have a nucleus but no cytoplasm.
   b) Viruses can reproduce only when they are inside a living host cell.
   c) Viruses cannot make proteins on their own.
   d) Some viruses use RNA rather than DNA as their genetic material.
   
   
   1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
      not answered
      a) Well
      b) Could be improved
      c) Not well
      
   2. Is the information given in this question scientifically accurate?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Not completely
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      c) No
      
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   Learning goal: Recognize structures of the four major classes of building-block molecules (monomers) that make up cellular macromolecules and membranes. (5 questions)
   The molecular structures shown below are representative of five major classes of building-block molecules (monomers) that make up macromolecules and membranes in cells. Match each structure with the name of the correct monomer (a - e).
5. 
   
   not answered
   a) Fatty acid
   b) Amino acid
   c) Nucleotide
   d) Phospholipid
   e) Monosaccharide
   
   
6. 
   
   not answered
   a) Fatty acid
   b) Amino acid
   c) Nucleotide
   d) Phospholipid
   e) Monosaccharide
   
   
7. 
   
   not answered
   a) Fatty acid
   b) Amino acid
   c) Nucleotide
   d) Phospholipid
   e) Monosaccharide
   
   
8. 
   
   not answered
   a) Fatty acid
   b) Amino acid
   c) Nucleotide
   d) Phospholipid
   e) Monosaccharide
   
   
9. 
   
   not answered
   a) Fatty acid
   b) Amino acid
   c) Nucleotide
   d) Phospholipid
   e) Monosaccharide
   
   
   1. How well does this set of questions (5-9) test student achievement of the learning goal?
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      a) Well
      b) Could be improved
      c) Not well
      
   2. Is the information given in this set of questions (5-9) scientifically accurate?
      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Not completely
      c) No
      
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      not answered
      a) Yes
      b) Could be improved
      c) No
      
   4. Please make any additional comments or suggestions about this set of questions (5-9) here:
      
   
   
   Learning goal: Describe how the properties of water affect the three-dimensional structures and stabilities of macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, and lipid membranes. (3 questions)
10. Macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins are polymers composed of linked monomers. In solution, these monomers associate with each other through the types of interactions listed below. Which of these interactions is generally strongest (requires the most energy to break it)?
    
    not answered
    a) hydrogen bonds
    b) van der Waals interactions
    c) covalent bonds
    d) hydrophobic interactions
    
    
    1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
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       c) No
       
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11. A phospholipid molecule is diagrammed at the right, and the four diagrams A-D below represent cross sections of spherical structures composed of phospholipids. Which of these structures is most likely to form when a phospholipid is vigorously dispersed in water?
    
    
    not answered
    

    a)		b)
    c)		d)

    
    
    1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
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       b) Could be improved
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12. Consider two short regions, A and B, of a long polypeptide chain (polymer of amino acids). Region A consists of amino acids with charged or polar side chains. Region B consists of amino acids whose side chains are all non-polar. When dissolved in water, the polypeptide will most likely fold to form a protein in which:
    
    not answered
    a) region B is exposed on its surface and region A is interior.
    b) region A is exposed on its surface and region B is interior.
    c) both regions A and B are exposed on its surface.
    d) both regions A and B are interior.
    
    
    1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
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       c) No
       
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    Learning goal: Identify the characteristics of a biochemical reaction that determine whether it will proceed spontaneously and the rate at which it will proceed. (3 questions)
13. Consider the following chemical reaction:
    
    In the diagram below, the dashed line represents the energetics of this reaction WITHOUT an enzyme. Which of the lines (a, b, c) in the diagram best represents the way the curve would look in the presence of an enzyme catalyst that increases the reaction rate?
    
    
    not answered
    a)
    b)
    c)
    
    
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14. If the intracellular reaction A + B → C proceeds in the presence of a specific enzyme and no other components, you can conclude that:
    
    not answered
    a) the reaction would not proceed in the absence of the enzyme.
    b) the reaction would proceed in the absence of the enzyme but at a slower rate.
    c) the reverse reaction A + B ← C would not proceed in the presence of the enzyme.
    d) the reaction in the presence of the enzyme will not proceed any faster if the temperature is raised a few degrees.
    
    
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15. If the chemical reaction below is at equilibrium, which of the following statements is FALSE?
    
    
    not answered
    a) The concentration of reactants and products will remain the same over time.
    b) During a 1-minute interval, many molecules of A and B may be converted to C, while about the same number of A and B molecules are produced by the breakdown of C.
    c) The rates of both the forward and reverse reactions are zero.
    d) The free energy available from the reaction is zero.
    
    
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    Learning Goal: Explain how coupled reactions can be used to drive an energetically unfavorable biochemical process. (1 question)
    
16. The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase (Reaction 3 below) can be thought of as the sum of Reactions 1 and 2. Reaction 1 is the breakdown of ATP to ADP, which releases energy. Reaction 2, in which glucose is phosphorylated, requires energy.
    
    When Reactions 1 and 2 are coupled in the enzyme active site, Reaction 3 will occur spontaneously because:
    not answered
    a) the energy required to form glucose-6-P in Reaction 2 is less than the energy released by ATP breakdown in Reaction 1.
    b) the energy required to form glucose-6-P in Reaction 2 is greater than the energy released by ATP breakdown in Reaction 1.
    c) both Reactions 1 and 2 can occur spontaneously.
    d) neither Reaction 1 or 2 can occur spontaneously alone, but both can occur spontaneously when coupled in the active site of the enzyme.
    
    
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    Learning Goal: Describe the physical structures of phospholipid bilayer membranes and their associated proteins in cells, and explain the various mechanisms by which small molecules can traverse them. (2 questions)
    
17. The Na⁺, K⁺ transporter is an integral membrane protein that moves Na⁺ ions out of animal cells and brings K⁺ ions in. This process requires ATP because:
    
    not answered
    a) the membrane is impermeable to charged molecules such as Na⁺ and K⁺.
    b) two different ions are being transported at once, in opposite directions.
    c) the movement of ions is from low to high concentrations.
    d) ion movement across membranes requires input of energy.
    
    
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18. Predict which of the following substances will be most likely to diffuse through a pure phosopholipid bilayer membrane that contains no proteins?
    
    not answered
    

    a)		b)
    c)		d)

    
    
    1. How well does this question test student achievement of the learning goal?
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       c) No
       
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    Learning Goal: Explain the importance of membranes in compartmentalizing cellular activities and describe the essential functions that are carried out by the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell. (3 questions)
    
    Predict which of the cellular functions (a-e) in a cell would be immediately blocked if one of the two numbered organelles below were inactivated.
    
    
19. Ribosomes
    not answered
    a) respiration
    b) photosynthesis
    c) secretion of proteins
    d) protein synthesis
    e) RNA synthesis
    
    
20. Golgi apparatus
    not answered
    a) respiration
    b) photosynthesis
    c) secretion of proteins
    d) protein synthesis
    e) RNA synthesis
    
    
    1. How well does this set of questions (19-20) test student achievement of the learning goal?
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       a) Yes
       b) Not completely
       c) No
       
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21. Which of the following statements about plant cells is true?
    
    not answered
    a) Plant cells do not need mitochondria because they have chloroplasts which supply energy for cellular processes.
    b) Plant cells do not need mitochondria because chloroplasts are functionally the same as mitochondria.
    c) Plant cells need mitochondria to produce energy for photosynthesis since chloroplasts do not produce their own energy.
    d) Plant cells need mitochondria because mitochondria supply energy for cellular processes while chloroplasts supply energy for the photosynthesis.
    
    
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    Learning Goal: Outline the flow of matter and energy in the processes by which organisms fuel growth and cellular activities, and explain how these processes conform to the laws of thermodynamics. (3 questions)
    
22. If green algae cells a buffer solution containing only inorganic salts are placed in a sealed container at room temperature with excess carbon dioxide gas and exposed to light, the cells will:
    
    not answered
    a) live for many hours and multiply.
    b) live for several hours, but fail to multiply because there is no source of carbon in the buffer solution.
    c) live for several hours, but fail to multiply because no oxygen is present.
    d) die rapidly, because no oxygen is present.
    
    
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23. The oxygen atoms in the H₂O broken down during photosynthesis end up in:
    
    not answered
    a) ATP molecules generated by photosynthesis.
    b) carbohydrates generated by photosynthesis.
    c) molecular O₂ released during photosynthesis.
    d) new H₂O molecules that are produced by respiration.
    
    
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24. In the presence of oxygen, cells oxidize glucose completely to carbon dioxide and water according to the chemical equation:
    
    C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
    
    In the process, about 35 molecules of ATP are generated per molecule of glucose oxidized, so that some of the energy released by oxidation is recovered as usable chemical energy. The principal role of O₂ in this process is to:
    
    not answered
    a) accept electrons released by glucose oxidation, forming H₂O.
    b) supply the oxygen for CO₂ production.
    c) react with glucose to cleave it into smaller fragments for further oxidation.
    d) participate as a reactant in generation of ATP from ADP and P_i.
    
    
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    Learning Goal: Using diagrams, describe in general terms how the information in a gene is stored, replicated, and transmitted to daughter cells. (3 questions)
    
25. Each cell in your body except for gametes (sperm or eggs) contains 46 chromosomes, each of which replicates before the cell divides and then separates into two chromosomes at mitosis, one going to each of the two daughter cells that result from cell division. The photograph below shows a single replicated chromosome (consisting of two sister chromatids) just before mitosis. This chromosome contains:
    
    

    not answered a) two single-stranded DNA molecules. b) one double-stranded DNA molecule. c) two double-stranded DNA molecules. d) many double-stranded DNA molecules.

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26. The replicated chromosome shown in Question 25 contains:
    
    not answered
    a) DNA from one of your parents in the sister chromatid on the left and DNA from the other parent in the sister chromatid on the right.
    b) DNA contributions from both parents, resulting from recombination (crossing over).
    c) DNA from only one of your parents.
    
    
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27. Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis at the replication fork of a replicating DNA molecule is FALSE?
    
    not answered
    a) Nucleotides are added at the 3' ends of all the new strands in a replicating DNA molecule.
    b) Double-stranded DNA synthesis requires both deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides.
    c) The sequence of each newly synthesized single strand is identical to that of the parental single strand that served as its template.
    d) One of the two new strands must be synthesized in fragments because the two strands have opposite directionality.
    
    
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       a) Well
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       a) Yes
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       c) No
       
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    Learning Goal: Using diagrams, describe in general terms how the information in a gene directs expression of a specific protein. (4 questions)
    
28. Transcription is best represented by which of the following diagrams?
    
    not answered
    

    a)		b)
    c)		d)

    
    
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29. Suppose you have an identical twin. The genetic code that allows expression of information stored in your DNA is the same in you and (choose the most inclusive correct answer below):
    
    not answered
    a) your twin
    b) your twin and your immediate family
    c) your twin and most animals
    d) your twin and most eukaryotes
    e) your twin and most living cells on Earth
    
    
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30. The human hexokinase enzyme has the same function as the bacterial hexokinase enzyme but is somewhat different in its amino acid sequence. You have obtained a mutant bacterial strain in which the gene for hexokinase and its promoter are missing. If you introduce into your mutant strain a DNA plasmid engineered to contain the coding sequence of the human hexokinase gene, driven by the normal bacterial promoter, the resulting bacteria will now produce:
    
    not answered
    a) the bacterial form of hexokinase.
    b) the human form of hexokinase.
    c) a hybrid enzyme that is partly human, partly bacterial.
    d) both forms of the enzyme.
    
    
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31. In a certain mutant strain of bacteria, the enzyme leucyl-tRNA synthetase mistakenly attaches isoleucine to leucyl-tRNA 10% of the time instead of leucine. These bacteria will synthesize:
    
    not answered
    a) proteins in which leucine is inserted at some positions normally occupied by isoleucine.
    b) proteins in which isoleucine is inserted at some positions normally occupied by leucine.
    c) no abnormal proteins, because the ribosomal translation machinery will recognize the inappropriately activated tRNAs and exclude them from the translation process.
    d) no proteins, because the inappropriately activated tRNAs will block translation.
    
    
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    Learning Goal: Describe the general mechanisms by which chemical signals (ligands) from outside a cell are transduced across the cell membrane to influence cell behavior and gene expression. (1 question)
    
32. A large hydrophilic signaling molecule (ligand) that binds to a specific receptor protein in a cell can ultimately affect gene expression in that cell. How does the binding of the signal to the receptor cause a change in the cell?
    
    not answered
    a) The signaling molecule is brought into the cell through a channel.
    b) The signaling molecule changes the conformation of the receptor.
    c) The signaling molecule and receptor form a complex that alters the properties of the plasma membrane.
    d) The signaling molecule and receptor form a complex that is transported into the cell.
    
    
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